Read the following text to answer questions number 1 – 5

Who explicitly states that rest is crucial for productivity?

Read the following text to answer questions number 1 – 5

Which word is the closest synonym to "burnout" in Lisa Tran's context?

Read the following text to answer questions number 1 – 5

Who provides the most contradictory advice compared to others in the discussion?

Read the following text to answer questions number 1 – 5

Who suggests a time-based work method to prevent exhaustion?

Read the following text to answer questions number 1 – 5

What is the overall tone of the discussion?

Read the following text to answer questions number 6 – 10

TEXT 1

Sleep is essential for good health. Experts recommend that adults should sleep at least seven to nine hours per night. However, many people struggle to get enough rest due to busy schedules, stress, or poor sleep habits. Lack of sleep can lead to serious health problems such as weakened immune function, memory issues, and increased risk of heart disease.

There are several ways to improve sleep quality. First, it is important to maintain a regular sleep schedule by going to bed and waking up at the same time every day. Second, avoiding caffeine and electronic devices before bedtime can help the body relax. Lastly, creating a comfortable sleeping environment, such as keeping the room dark and quiet, can make it easier to fall asleep.

TEXT 2

A recent study found that people who sleep less than six hours per night are more likely to experience anxiety and depression. Researchers analyzed the sleep habits of 2,000 adults and discovered that those who had irregular sleep schedules showed higher levels of stress. Furthermore, the study found that using electronic devices before bed negatively affects sleep quality.

The research also showed that improving sleep habits can significantly reduce stress levels. Participants who followed a strict bedtime routine and limited screen time before bed reported feeling more rested and energetic during the day. These findings suggest that maintaining good sleep habits is not only beneficial for physical health but also for mental well-being.

What is one of the negative effects of not getting enough sleep according to Text 1?

Read the following text to answer questions number 6 – 10

TEXT 1

Sleep is essential for good health. Experts recommend that adults should sleep at least seven to nine hours per night. However, many people struggle to get enough rest due to busy schedules, stress, or poor sleep habits. Lack of sleep can lead to serious health problems such as weakened immune function, memory issues, and increased risk of heart disease.

There are several ways to improve sleep quality. First, it is important to maintain a regular sleep schedule by going to bed and waking up at the same time every day. Second, avoiding caffeine and electronic devices before bedtime can help the body relax. Lastly, creating a comfortable sleeping environment, such as keeping the room dark and quiet, can make it easier to fall asleep.

TEXT 2

A recent study found that people who sleep less than six hours per night are more likely to experience anxiety and depression. Researchers analyzed the sleep habits of 2,000 adults and discovered that those who had irregular sleep schedules showed higher levels of stress. Furthermore, the study found that using electronic devices before bed negatively affects sleep quality.

The research also showed that improving sleep habits can significantly reduce stress levels. Participants who followed a strict bedtime routine and limited screen time before bed reported feeling more rested and energetic during the day. These findings suggest that maintaining good sleep habits is not only beneficial for physical health but also for mental well-being.

The word "those" in Text 2 Paragraph 1 refers to…

Read the following text to answer questions number 6 – 10

TEXT 1

Sleep is essential for good health. Experts recommend that adults should sleep at least seven to nine hours per night. However, many people struggle to get enough rest due to busy schedules, stress, or poor sleep habits. Lack of sleep can lead to serious health problems such as weakened immune function, memory issues, and increased risk of heart disease.

There are several ways to improve sleep quality. First, it is important to maintain a regular sleep schedule by going to bed and waking up at the same time every day. Second, avoiding caffeine and electronic devices before bedtime can help the body relax. Lastly, creating a comfortable sleeping environment, such as keeping the room dark and quiet, can make it easier to fall asleep.

TEXT 2

A recent study found that people who sleep less than six hours per night are more likely to experience anxiety and depression. Researchers analyzed the sleep habits of 2,000 adults and discovered that those who had irregular sleep schedules showed higher levels of stress. Furthermore, the study found that using electronic devices before bed negatively affects sleep quality.

The research also showed that improving sleep habits can significantly reduce stress levels. Participants who followed a strict bedtime routine and limited screen time before bed reported feeling more rested and energetic during the day. These findings suggest that maintaining good sleep habits is not only beneficial for physical health but also for mental well-being.

Which sentence from Text 2 expresses an opinion?

Read the following text to answer questions number 6 – 10

TEXT 1

Sleep is essential for good health. Experts recommend that adults should sleep at least seven to nine hours per night. However, many people struggle to get enough rest due to busy schedules, stress, or poor sleep habits. Lack of sleep can lead to serious health problems such as weakened immune function, memory issues, and increased risk of heart disease.

There are several ways to improve sleep quality. First, it is important to maintain a regular sleep schedule by going to bed and waking up at the same time every day. Second, avoiding caffeine and electronic devices before bedtime can help the body relax. Lastly, creating a comfortable sleeping environment, such as keeping the room dark and quiet, can make it easier to fall asleep.

TEXT 2

A recent study found that people who sleep less than six hours per night are more likely to experience anxiety and depression. Researchers analyzed the sleep habits of 2,000 adults and discovered that those who had irregular sleep schedules showed higher levels of stress. Furthermore, the study found that using electronic devices before bed negatively affects sleep quality.

The research also showed that improving sleep habits can significantly reduce stress levels. Participants who followed a strict bedtime routine and limited screen time before bed reported feeling more rested and energetic during the day. These findings suggest that maintaining good sleep habits is not only beneficial for physical health but also for mental well-being.

According to Text 2, how can sleep habits impact mental health?

Read the following text to answer questions number 6 – 10

TEXT 1

Sleep is essential for good health. Experts recommend that adults should sleep at least seven to nine hours per night. However, many people struggle to get enough rest due to busy schedules, stress, or poor sleep habits. Lack of sleep can lead to serious health problems such as weakened immune function, memory issues, and increased risk of heart disease.

There are several ways to improve sleep quality. First, it is important to maintain a regular sleep schedule by going to bed and waking up at the same time every day. Second, avoiding caffeine and electronic devices before bedtime can help the body relax. Lastly, creating a comfortable sleeping environment, such as keeping the room dark and quiet, can make it easier to fall asleep.

TEXT 2

A recent study found that people who sleep less than six hours per night are more likely to experience anxiety and depression. Researchers analyzed the sleep habits of 2,000 adults and discovered that those who had irregular sleep schedules showed higher levels of stress. Furthermore, the study found that using electronic devices before bed negatively affects sleep quality.

The research also showed that improving sleep habits can significantly reduce stress levels. Participants who followed a strict bedtime routine and limited screen time before bed reported feeling more rested and energetic during the day. These findings suggest that maintaining good sleep habits is not only beneficial for physical health but also for mental well-being.

What is the relationship between Text 1 and Text 2?

Read the following text to answer questions number 11 – 15

Scientists have long been intrigued by the remarkable ability of certain animals to heal quickly and resist infections. Among these animals, sharks stand out due to their unique immune system. Researchers have discovered that sharks possess potent antimicrobial peptides in their blood, which may explain why they rarely suffer from infections despite living in bacteria-filled ocean waters.

A study conducted by marine biologists at the University of Florida found that these peptides can effectively eliminate multiple strains of harmful bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains. Additionally, preliminary experiments suggest that the peptides might also have antiviral properties. Scientists believe that further research on shark peptides could lead to the development of new medical treatments for humans.

According to study co-author Dr. Helen Carter, these peptides work by disrupting bacterial cell membranes, making them highly effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens. Similar peptides have also been identified in other marine creatures, such as rays and certain species of fish. The researchers are currently isolating and sequencing these peptides to determine their precise chemical structure and potential applications in medicine.

While the discovery is promising, there are still challenges to overcome before shark-based medicines can be widely used. One major concern is whether these peptides might cause adverse effects in humans. Furthermore, harvesting peptides directly from sharks is not a sustainable option, so scientists are exploring methods to synthesize them in laboratories. If successful, such medications could greatly benefit patients with weakened immune systems, burn victims, and individuals with chronic infections.

The paragraph that precedes the passage might discuss …

Read the following text to answer questions number 11 – 15

Scientists have long been intrigued by the remarkable ability of certain animals to heal quickly and resist infections. Among these animals, sharks stand out due to their unique immune system. Researchers have discovered that sharks possess potent antimicrobial peptides in their blood, which may explain why they rarely suffer from infections despite living in bacteria-filled ocean waters.

A study conducted by marine biologists at the University of Florida found that these peptides can effectively eliminate multiple strains of harmful bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains. Additionally, preliminary experiments suggest that the peptides might also have antiviral properties. Scientists believe that further research on shark peptides could lead to the development of new medical treatments for humans.

According to study co-author Dr. Helen Carter, these peptides work by disrupting bacterial cell membranes, making them highly effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens. Similar peptides have also been identified in other marine creatures, such as rays and certain species of fish. The researchers are currently isolating and sequencing these peptides to determine their precise chemical structure and potential applications in medicine.

While the discovery is promising, there are still challenges to overcome before shark-based medicines can be widely used. One major concern is whether these peptides might cause adverse effects in humans. Furthermore, harvesting peptides directly from sharks is not a sustainable option, so scientists are exploring methods to synthesize them in laboratories. If successful, such medications could greatly benefit patients with weakened immune systems, burn victims, and individuals with chronic infections.

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about shark peptides?

Read the following text to answer questions number 11 – 15

Scientists have long been intrigued by the remarkable ability of certain animals to heal quickly and resist infections. Among these animals, sharks stand out due to their unique immune system. Researchers have discovered that sharks possess potent antimicrobial peptides in their blood, which may explain why they rarely suffer from infections despite living in bacteria-filled ocean waters.

A study conducted by marine biologists at the University of Florida found that these peptides can effectively eliminate multiple strains of harmful bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains. Additionally, preliminary experiments suggest that the peptides might also have antiviral properties. Scientists believe that further research on shark peptides could lead to the development of new medical treatments for humans.

According to study co-author Dr. Helen Carter, these peptides work by disrupting bacterial cell membranes, making them highly effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens. Similar peptides have also been identified in other marine creatures, such as rays and certain species of fish. The researchers are currently isolating and sequencing these peptides to determine their precise chemical structure and potential applications in medicine.

While the discovery is promising, there are still challenges to overcome before shark-based medicines can be widely used. One major concern is whether these peptides might cause adverse effects in humans. Furthermore, harvesting peptides directly from sharks is not a sustainable option, so scientists are exploring methods to synthesize them in laboratories. If successful, such medications could greatly benefit patients with weakened immune systems, burn victims, and individuals with chronic infections.

The word ‘potent’ in line 3 is closest in meaning to…

Read the following text to answer questions number 11 – 15

Scientists have long been intrigued by the remarkable ability of certain animals to heal quickly and resist infections. Among these animals, sharks stand out due to their unique immune system. Researchers have discovered that sharks possess potent antimicrobial peptides in their blood, which may explain why they rarely suffer from infections despite living in bacteria-filled ocean waters.

A study conducted by marine biologists at the University of Florida found that these peptides can effectively eliminate multiple strains of harmful bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains. Additionally, preliminary experiments suggest that the peptides might also have antiviral properties. Scientists believe that further research on shark peptides could lead to the development of new medical treatments for humans.

According to study co-author Dr. Helen Carter, these peptides work by disrupting bacterial cell membranes, making them highly effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens. Similar peptides have also been identified in other marine creatures, such as rays and certain species of fish. The researchers are currently isolating and sequencing these peptides to determine their precise chemical structure and potential applications in medicine.

While the discovery is promising, there are still challenges to overcome before shark-based medicines can be widely used. One major concern is whether these peptides might cause adverse effects in humans. Furthermore, harvesting peptides directly from sharks is not a sustainable option, so scientists are exploring methods to synthesize them in laboratories. If successful, such medications could greatly benefit patients with weakened immune systems, burn victims, and individuals with chronic infections.

The following are challenges in developing shark-based medicines, EXCEPT …

Read the following text to answer questions number 11 – 15

Scientists have long been intrigued by the remarkable ability of certain animals to heal quickly and resist infections. Among these animals, sharks stand out due to their unique immune system. Researchers have discovered that sharks possess potent antimicrobial peptides in their blood, which may explain why they rarely suffer from infections despite living in bacteria-filled ocean waters.

A study conducted by marine biologists at the University of Florida found that these peptides can effectively eliminate multiple strains of harmful bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains. Additionally, preliminary experiments suggest that the peptides might also have antiviral properties. Scientists believe that further research on shark peptides could lead to the development of new medical treatments for humans.

According to study co-author Dr. Helen Carter, these peptides work by disrupting bacterial cell membranes, making them highly effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens. Similar peptides have also been identified in other marine creatures, such as rays and certain species of fish. The researchers are currently isolating and sequencing these peptides to determine their precise chemical structure and potential applications in medicine.

While the discovery is promising, there are still challenges to overcome before shark-based medicines can be widely used. One major concern is whether these peptides might cause adverse effects in humans. Furthermore, harvesting peptides directly from sharks is not a sustainable option, so scientists are exploring methods to synthesize them in laboratories. If successful, such medications could greatly benefit patients with weakened immune systems, burn victims, and individuals with chronic infections.

The writer concludes the passage by stating that …

Read the following text to answer questions number 16 – 20

Do you play video games? If so, you aren't alone. Video games are becoming more common and are increasingly enjoyed by adults. The average age of gamers has been increasing. Changing technology also means that more people are exposed to video games. Many committed gamers play on desktop computers or consoles, but a new breed of casual gamers has emerged, who play on smartphones and tablets at spare moments throughout the day, like their morning commute. So, we know that video games are an increasingly common form of entertainment, but do they have any effect on our brains and behavior?

Over the years, the media have made various sensationalist claims about video games and their effect on our health and happiness. "Games have sometimes been praised or demonized, often without real data backing up those claims. Moreover, gaming is a popular activity, so everyone seems to have strong opinions on the topic," says Marc Palaus, first author on the review, recently published in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.

Palaus and his colleagues wanted to see if any trends had emerged from the research to date concerning how video games affect the structure and activity of our brains. They collected the results from 116 scientific studies, 22 of which looked at structural changes in the brain and 100 of which looked at changes in brain functionality and/or behavior.

The studies show that playing video games can change how our brains perform, and even their structure. For example, playing video games affects our attention, and some studies found that gamers show improvements in several types of attention, such as sustained attention or selective attention. The brain regions involved in attention are also more efficient in gamers and require less activation to sustain attention on demanding tasks.

What can be inferred from the passage above?

Read the following text to answer questions number 16 – 20

Do you play video games? If so, you aren't alone. Video games are becoming more common and are increasingly enjoyed by adults. The average age of gamers has been increasing. Changing technology also means that more people are exposed to video games. Many committed gamers play on desktop computers or consoles, but a new breed of casual gamers has emerged, who play on smartphones and tablets at spare moments throughout the day, like their morning commute. So, we know that video games are an increasingly common form of entertainment, but do they have any effect on our brains and behavior?

Over the years, the media have made various sensationalist claims about video games and their effect on our health and happiness. "Games have sometimes been praised or demonized, often without real data backing up those claims. Moreover, gaming is a popular activity, so everyone seems to have strong opinions on the topic," says Marc Palaus, first author on the review, recently published in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.

Palaus and his colleagues wanted to see if any trends had emerged from the research to date concerning how video games affect the structure and activity of our brains. They collected the results from 116 scientific studies, 22 of which looked at structural changes in the brain and 100 of which looked at changes in brain functionality and/or behavior.

The studies show that playing video games can change how our brains perform, and even their structure. For example, playing video games affects our attention, and some studies found that gamers show improvements in several types of attention, such as sustained attention or selective attention. The brain regions involved in attention are also more efficient in gamers and require less activation to sustain attention on demanding tasks.

Why does the writer use the word "sensationalist" in paragraph 2?

Read the following text to answer questions number 16 – 20

Do you play video games? If so, you aren't alone. Video games are becoming more common and are increasingly enjoyed by adults. The average age of gamers has been increasing. Changing technology also means that more people are exposed to video games. Many committed gamers play on desktop computers or consoles, but a new breed of casual gamers has emerged, who play on smartphones and tablets at spare moments throughout the day, like their morning commute. So, we know that video games are an increasingly common form of entertainment, but do they have any effect on our brains and behavior?

Over the years, the media have made various sensationalist claims about video games and their effect on our health and happiness. "Games have sometimes been praised or demonized, often without real data backing up those claims. Moreover, gaming is a popular activity, so everyone seems to have strong opinions on the topic," says Marc Palaus, first author on the review, recently published in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.

Palaus and his colleagues wanted to see if any trends had emerged from the research to date concerning how video games affect the structure and activity of our brains. They collected the results from 116 scientific studies, 22 of which looked at structural changes in the brain and 100 of which looked at changes in brain functionality and/or behavior.

The studies show that playing video games can change how our brains perform, and even their structure. For example, playing video games affects our attention, and some studies found that gamers show improvements in several types of attention, such as sustained attention or selective attention. The brain regions involved in attention are also more efficient in gamers and require less activation to sustain attention on demanding tasks.

What can we say about the author’s objective in writing this article?

Read the following text to answer questions number 16 – 20

Do you play video games? If so, you aren't alone. Video games are becoming more common and are increasingly enjoyed by adults. The average age of gamers has been increasing. Changing technology also means that more people are exposed to video games. Many committed gamers play on desktop computers or consoles, but a new breed of casual gamers has emerged, who play on smartphones and tablets at spare moments throughout the day, like their morning commute. So, we know that video games are an increasingly common form of entertainment, but do they have any effect on our brains and behavior?

Over the years, the media have made various sensationalist claims about video games and their effect on our health and happiness. "Games have sometimes been praised or demonized, often without real data backing up those claims. Moreover, gaming is a popular activity, so everyone seems to have strong opinions on the topic," says Marc Palaus, first author on the review, recently published in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.

Palaus and his colleagues wanted to see if any trends had emerged from the research to date concerning how video games affect the structure and activity of our brains. They collected the results from 116 scientific studies, 22 of which looked at structural changes in the brain and 100 of which looked at changes in brain functionality and/or behavior.

The studies show that playing video games can change how our brains perform, and even their structure. For example, playing video games affects our attention, and some studies found that gamers show improvements in several types of attention, such as sustained attention or selective attention. The brain regions involved in attention are also more efficient in gamers and require less activation to sustain attention on demanding tasks.

Which of the following questions cannot be answered by the passage?

Read the following text to answer questions number 16 – 20

Do you play video games? If so, you aren't alone. Video games are becoming more common and are increasingly enjoyed by adults. The average age of gamers has been increasing. Changing technology also means that more people are exposed to video games. Many committed gamers play on desktop computers or consoles, but a new breed of casual gamers has emerged, who play on smartphones and tablets at spare moments throughout the day, like their morning commute. So, we know that video games are an increasingly common form of entertainment, but do they have any effect on our brains and behavior?

Over the years, the media have made various sensationalist claims about video games and their effect on our health and happiness. "Games have sometimes been praised or demonized, often without real data backing up those claims. Moreover, gaming is a popular activity, so everyone seems to have strong opinions on the topic," says Marc Palaus, first author on the review, recently published in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.

Palaus and his colleagues wanted to see if any trends had emerged from the research to date concerning how video games affect the structure and activity of our brains. They collected the results from 116 scientific studies, 22 of which looked at structural changes in the brain and 100 of which looked at changes in brain functionality and/or behavior.

The studies show that playing video games can change how our brains perform, and even their structure. For example, playing video games affects our attention, and some studies found that gamers show improvements in several types of attention, such as sustained attention or selective attention. The brain regions involved in attention are also more efficient in gamers and require less activation to sustain attention on demanding tasks.

Which option uses the word "committed" in the same way that it is used in sentence 6?